Light a Fire in a Fireplace

Lighting a fire in a fireplace is, in general, viewed as an easy task. Because of this, a majority of people may forget a few key steps in the process that would help them enjoy their fire better. What could have been a nice night by the fire can easily become a smoke filled room. Here is a recommended method that if followed, should help make your fire enjoyable from the start.

Steps

 * 1) Check that the damper is open. The damper is a device that controls the amount of air flowing through the flue. The flue is the passage or duct for smoke in a chimney. Feel inside the chimney or pop your head inside to look at the damper with a flashlight.  There should be a lever which you can try moving one way or the other.  One direction will close the damper, the other will open it - check to see that the damper is open, or else smoke will pour back into the room.  This is much easier to do before lighting a fire in there.  Once you have determined that the damper is open, you are ready to get started.
 * 2) If your fireplace has glass doors, open the doors 30 minutes before to allow the inside of the fireplace to come to room temperature. Cold air is heavier than warm air, so if the outside is too cold, it can create a river of cold air flowing down the chimney, into the fireplace, and trapped there by the doors.  By opening the doors and allowing some warm air from your room to rise up the chimney, it may be enough to start the draft moving upwards.
 * 3) Check the draft. Light a match near the opening of the flue and see if the draft is coming down or going up. If it is still coming down, you must find a way of reversing the draft and getting it to go up.  Under no circumstances can you light the fire with the draft coming down. One method is to use a starter block (StarterLogg is one brand -- break off a quarter of a stick) or a commercial wax log (such as Duraflame or Pine Mountain).  These will light and stay lit, creating some warmth inside the firebox and helping the draft start upwards, and they burn with little smoke:
 * 4) Close the damper (to stop the air from coming down).
 * 5) Put the block on the back of the fireplace shovel, light it and place it up inside the fireplace near the flue opening. What you are trying to do is to heat the upper part of the fireplace.
 * 6) When you have heated it (you will need to use trial and error to determine how long this process is) slowly open the damper and with luck and skill you will find that the heat and fire from your little block will force the air up the chimney.  When the draft has fully reversed (you will hear the air sucking the fire and heat from the starter block), then you can light your fire.
 * 7) Set up your wood and kindling.
 * 8) * [[Image:Fireplace 3237.jpg|thumb|Newspaper helps the wood to burn.]]Put the kindling on the grate first, with crumpled up newspaper under the grate and mixed in the kindling. Stack your wood on top.
 * 9) **Tinder (in this case, the newspaper) and kindling are materials used to start a fire. Tinder is little bitty stuff like dry grass or straw, tiny twigs, newspaper and the like. Kindling is a little bigger - branches that are thin as your finger, wood shavings, small bits of wood or bark (too small to be logs or to be stacked). Tinder gets lit first and burns very fast - the key is to get enough tinder under the kindling so that the kindling begins to burn.  Once the kindling is burning, it should burn long enough to light the logs stacked on top.
 * 10) **Don't use too much newspaper, as it produces a lot of smoke.
 * 11) * Be sure to stack the wood horizontally (lay it down, don't stand it up on end) and leave gaps for air to pass through (create draft).
 * 12) * Stack it in layers, criss-crossed.
 * 13) * Intersperse some kindling with the larger wood. At first, the wood should be no thicker than your forearm.  Using slightly smaller wood to start will burn quicker and make a good bed of embers for later on.
 * 14) * Stack the wood at most to 2/3 of the height of the fireplace.
 * 15) Light the newspaper first. The kindling lights from that. Watch the smoke carefully for the first half hour. The smoke should be nearly undetectable if it's drafting right up the chimney.
 * 16) * If the smoke from the chimney turns black, the fire is not getting enough oxygen. Use your fireplace poker to lift the wood stack carefully - just pry it up a little, like jacking up a car. Take care here - all you need to do is allow some air to get under it. If your bed of coals underneath the grate is too high, use the poker to spread them out under the fire, leaving a couple of inches of air space.
 * 17) * If the smoke is grey, most of the combustible material is escaping through the chimney instead of burning.
 * 18) ** You probably did not light the fire from above.
 * 19) ** You may have used wet wood.
 * 20) ** The fire is getting too much oxygen. Yes, this is confusing - fire is a delicate balance of air and fuel. When there's too much oxygen, the fire has a hard time catching hold of the fuel, and can make more smoke than normal.
 * 21) Open a window slightly. If you're still having trouble getting a good draft on the fireplace, and smoke is coming back into the room, try opening a window about an inch. This works best if the window is on a wall opposite the fireplace, with few obstructions - you will not want to have people seated between the window and fireplace. Sometimes, this breaks a kind of "vapor lock" on the room and allows the smoke to rise up the chimney. If people are between the fireplace and window, they will be chilled because the fireplace will start to suck air up - and it'll start pulling hard from that window, which will create a stream of cold air running between the window and fireplace.  Stay out of the way and let it go - sometimes if the chimney isn't tall enough, this is the only way to get the draft running well and keep smoke out of the room.  The rest of the room should stay warm, it's just the draft path that will be chilly.
 * 22) Add really big logs. If you're trying to enjoy an evening, you can make sure the fire will go a while without tending by building it properly to start with. Once the fire is going well, you should begin to see some red, glowing embers beneath the fire. As the smaller wood catches and the fire burns hot, grab a larger piece of wood - big. Like, as big around as your thigh, this time (assuming your thigh is a normal sized thigh). Put that on top of the fire carefully, being as certain as possible that the stack is not leaning side to side any direction. The bigger wood takes a while to catch fire, but once it does, it will burn a long time without you having to get up and stir it or move it around. The glowing embers will keep things hot, and you should be nice and toasty for a couple of hours this way.
 * 23) Stir the wood down at least half an hour before you want it to go out. Break it up with your poker and try to spread it out as much as you can over the area of the firebox. The thinner it's spread, the quicker it will burn up and go out. Check after the fire is out to insure that the coals and embers are all dead. If so, close the damper so that you do not lose valuable home heat through the chimney all day long.

Alternative method (without a Grate)

 * 1) Put two large logs (the bigger the better) in parallel about 15 inches apart, perpendicular to the pane of the closed glass doors, or fireplace opening. These large logs will be the bed of the fire and contain the embers to feed it.
 * 2) Place one cross-bar (about the diameter of your forearm) across the two large logs, parallel to the pane of the glass door or fireplace opening, closer to the opening of the fireplace. This cross-bar will hold the other firewood and keep an air vent open where the fire can draw fresh air to feed it from underneath.
 * 3) Crumple newspapers (not glossy paper) on the bottom of the fireplace.
 * 4) Place the kindling on top. Do not put any larger logs or fuel on top yet.
 * 5) Light the fire. Make sure that the kindle starts to burn - you need to hear crackling noise.
 * 6) Then place some logs (about the half in diameter than your forearm) in between the large logs, parallel with them, on top of the cross-bar. Keep this arrangement at all times: two logs, one cross-bar on top and firewood held by the cross-bar.

Tips

 * If you are still having trouble with draft, it's possible your chimney isn't high enough, or your firebox is too big or too small. If you have a short chimney, try get a couple of extenders - usually you can get them from fireplace stores, or places where they sell masonry supplies. Use some roof patch to stick it to the existing chimney. You can also try taking off the spark arrester - sometimes the tops are placed too close to the closed part.  Use some mesh, like hardcloth over the top of the opening to catch larger sparks and embers, but leave the top off.  This can also help a difficult draft situation.
 * Be sure to use dry wood for your fire. Wet wood is harder to burn. (It will burn, though, so if it's an emergency, you can burn it wet.)

Warnings

 * Be sure the draft is working correctly before lighting the fire.
 * Invest in a pair of fireproof gloves (welding gloves will work) in case a piece of burning wood falls out and you need to retrieve it immediately.
 * Be sure that your chimney and fireplace is properly cleaned and maintained. Checking for cracks once per year will ensure that you don't have fire escaping the chimney and lighting the frame of your home.  That would not be good.  Eliminating creosote buildup (oily soot) from the inside of the chimney will keep you from suffering a chimney fire, which is a terrible thing - very hard to put out, and very destructive. See How to Inspect a Fireplace Chimney.
 * Do not leave a fire burning in your fireplace unattended. All sorts of unexpected things can happen - there can be a pocket of moisture or sap inside a log which can cause it to pop with the heat.  If it pops out past your screen and ends up on the carpet or furniture, rather than on the hearth, you can wake up to a nasty surprise - a fire in your home.

Things You'll Need

 * Tinder
 * Kindling
 * Wood
 * A device to start fires (matches, lighter, etc...)
 * Fireplace tools (poker, shovel, tongs, etc)

Related Tips and Steps

 * How to Maintain an Open Fire in Your Home
 * How to Inspect a Fireplace Chimney
 * How to Create a Strong Burning Charcoal Fire Without Lighter Fluid
 * How to Treat a Burn
 * How to Start a Charcoal Fire With a Chimney Starter
 * How to Start a Fire With Sticks
 * How to Start a Fire With a Bow Drill
 * How to Appreciate a Fire